The Eternal Echo
The Eternal Echo

Surah Al-Ma'idah • Ayah 82

Para 7 Surah 5 : 82
۞ لَتَجِدَنَّ أَشَدَّ ٱلنَّاسِ عَدَٰوَةً لِّلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ ٱلْيَهُودَ وَٱلَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا۟ ۖ وَلَتَجِدَنَّ أَقْرَبَهُم مَّوَدَّةً لِّلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ قَالُوٓا۟ إِنَّا نَصَـٰرَىٰ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّ مِنْهُمْ قِسِّيسِينَ وَرُهْبَانًا وَأَنَّهُمْ لَا يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ

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Word-by-Word Analysis

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۞
لَتَجِدَنَّ
أَشَدَّ
ٱلنَّاسِ
عَدَٰوَةً
لِّلَّذِينَ
ءَامَنُوا۟
ٱلْيَهُودَ
وَٱلَّذِينَ
أَشْرَكُوا۟
ۖ
وَلَتَجِدَنَّ
أَقْرَبَهُم
مَّوَدَّةً
لِّلَّذِينَ
ءَامَنُوا۟
ٱلَّذِينَ
قَالُوٓا۟
إِنَّا
نَصَـٰرَىٰ
ۚ
ذَٰلِكَ
بِأَنَّ
مِنْهُمْ
قِسِّيسِينَ
وَرُهْبَانًا
وَأَنَّهُمْ
لَا
يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ

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Classical Tafsir: Ibn Kathir en

The Reason Behind Revealing these AyatSa`id bin Jubayr, As-Suddi and others said that these Ayat were revealed concerning a delegation that An-Najashi (King of Ethiopia) sent to the Prophet in order to hear his words and observe his qualities. When the delegation met with the Prophet and he recited the Qur'an to them, they embraced Islam, cried and were humbled. Then they returned to An-Najashi and told him what happened. `Ata' bin Abi Rabah commented, "They were Ethiopians who embraced Islam when the Muslims who migrated to Ethiopia resided among them." Qatadah said, "They were some followers of the religion of `Isa, son of Maryam, who when they saw Muslims and heard the Qur'an, they became Muslims without hesitation." Ibn Jarir said that these Ayat were revealed concerning some people who fit this description, whether they were from Ethiopia or otherwise. Allah said,لَتَجِدَنَّ أَشَدَّ النَّاسِ عَدَاوَةً لِّلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ الْيَهُودَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُواْ(Verily, you will find the strongest among men in enmity to the believers the Jews and those who commit Shirk,) This describes the Jews, since their disbelief is that of rebellion, defiance, opposing the truth, belittling other, people and degrading the scholars. This is why the Jews - may Allah's continued curses descend on them until the Day of Resurrection - killed many of their Prophets and tried to kill the Messenger of Allah ﷺ several times, as well as, performing magic spells against him and poisoning him. They also incited their likes among the polytheists against the Prophet . Allah's statement,وَلَتَجِدَنَّ أَقْرَبَهُمْ مَّوَدَّةً لِّلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ الَّذِينَ قَالُواْ إِنَّا نَصَارَى(and you will find the nearest in love to the believers those who say: "We are Christians.") refers to those who call themselves Christians, who follow the religion of the Messiah and the teachings of his Injil. These people are generally more tolerant of Islam and its people, because of the mercy and kindness that their hearts acquired through part of the Messiah's religion. In another Ayah, Allah said;وَجَعَلْنَا فِى قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوهُ رَأْفَةً وَرَحْمَةً وَرَهْبَانِيَّةً(And We ordained in the hearts of those who followed him, compassion, mercy, and monasticism...) 57:27. In their book is the saying; "He who strikes you on the right cheek, then turn the left cheek for him." And fighting was prohibited in their creed, and this is why Allah said,ذلِكَ بِأَنَّ مِنْهُمْ قِسِّيسِينَ وَرُهْبَاناً وَأَنَّهُمْ لاَ يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ(That is because among them are Qissisin (priests) and Ruhban (monks), and they are not proud.) This means that among them are Qissisin (priests). The word Ruhban refers to one dedicated to worship. Allah said,ذلِكَ بِأَنَّ مِنْهُمْ قِسِّيسِينَ وَرُهْبَاناً وَأَنَّهُمْ لاَ يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ(That is because among them are priests and monks, and they are not proud.) This describes them with knowledge, worship and humbleness, along with following the truth and fairness.وَإِذَا سَمِعُواْ مَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَى الرَّسُولِ تَرَى أَعْيُنَهُمْ تَفِيضُ مِنَ الدَّمْعِ مِمَّا عَرَفُواْ مِنَ الْحَقِّ(And when they listen to what has been sent down to the Messenger, you see their eyes overflowing with tears because of the truth they have recognized.) This refers to the good news that they have about the advent of Muhammad ,يَقُولُونَ رَبَّنَآ ءَامَنَّا فَاكْتُبْنَا مَعَ الشَّـهِدِينَ(They say: "Our Lord! We believe; so write us down among the witnesses.") who testify to the truth and believe in it.وَمَا لَنَا لاَ نُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَمَا جَآءَنَا مِنَ الْحَقِّ وَنَطْمَعُ أَن يُدْخِلَنَا رَبُّنَا مَعَ الْقَوْمِ الصَّـلِحِينَ("And why should we not believe in Allah and in that which has come to us of the truth And We wish that our Lord will admit us (in Paradise) along with the righteous people.") Such sect of Christians are those mentioned in Allah's statement,وَإِنَّ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَـبِ لَمَن يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَمَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكُمْ وَمَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيْهِمْ خَـشِعِينَ للَّهِ(And there are, certainly, among the People of the Scripture, those who believe in Allah and in that which has been revealed to you, and in that which has been revealed to them, humbling themselves before Allah.)3:199 and,الَّذِينَ ءَاتَيْنَـهُمُ الْكِتَـبَ مِن قَبْلِهِ هُم بِهِ يُؤْمِنُونَ - وَإِذَا يُتْلَى عَلَيْهِمْ قَالُواْ ءَامَنَّا بِهِ إِنَّهُ الْحَقُّ مِن رَّبِّنَآ إنَّا كُنَّا مِن قَبْلِهِ مُسْلِمِينَ(Those to whom We gave the Scripture before it, they believe in it (the Qur'an). And when it is recited to them, they say, "We believe in it. Verily, it is the truth from our Lord. Indeed even before it we were Muslims")28:52-53, until,لاَ نَبْتَغِى الْجَـهِلِينَ("We seek not the ignorant.")28:55 This is why Allah said here,فَأَثَابَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِمَا قَالُواْ(So because of what they said, Allah awarded them...) rewarding them for embracing the faith and recognizing and believing in the truth,جَنَّـتٌ تَجْرِى مِن تَحْتِهَا الاٌّنْهَـرُ خَـلِدِينَ فِيهَا(Gardens under which rivers flow (in Paradise), they will abide therein forever.) and they will never be removed from it, for they will dwell and remain in it forever and ever,وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الْمُحْسِنِينَ(Such is the reward of good-doers) who follow the truth and obey it wherever, whenever and with whomever they find it. Allah then describes the condition of the miserable.وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ وَكَذَّبُواْ بِآيَـتِنَآ(But those who disbelieved and belied Our Ayat,) defied and opposed them,أُوْلَـئِكَ أَصْحَـبُ الْجَحِيمِ(they shall be the dwellers of the (Hell) Fire.) For they are the people of the Fire who will enter and reside in it (eternally).

Classical Tafsir: Ibn Kathir Urdu ur

یہودیوں کا تاریخی کردار ٭٭یہ آیت اور اس کے بعد کی چار آیتیں نجاشی اور ان کے ساتھیوں کے بارے میں اتری ہیں۔ جب ان کے سامنے حبشہ کے ملک میں جعفر بن ابوطالب رضی اللہ عنہ نے قرآن کریم پڑھا تو ان کی آنکھوں سے آنسو جاری ہوگئے اور ان کی داڑھیاں تر ہو گئیں۔ یہ خیال رہے کہ یہ آیتیں مدینے میں اتری ہیں اور جعفر رضی اللہ عنہ کا یہ واقعہ ہجرت سے پہلے کا ہے۔ یہ بھی مروی ہے کہ یہ آیتیں اس وفد کے بارے میں نازل ہوئی ہیں جسے نجاشی نے نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی خدمت میں بھیجا تھا کہ وہ آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم سے ملیں، حاضر خدمت ہو کر آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے حالات و صفات دیکھیں اور آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کا کلام سنیں۔ جب یہ آئے آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم سے ملے اور آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی زبان مبارک سے قرآن کریم سنا تو ان کے دل نرم ہو گئے بہت روئے دھوئے اور اسلام قبول کیا اور واپس جا کر نجاشی سے سب حال کہا نجاشی اپنی سلطنت چھوڑ کر نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی طرف ہجرت کر کے آنے لگے لیکن راستے میں ہی انتقال ہو گیا۔ [تفسیر ابن جریر الطبری:12318:مرسل] ‏ یہاں بھی یہ خیال رہے کہ یہ بیان صرف سدی رحمة الله کا ہے اور صحیح روایات سے یہ ثابت ہے کہ وہ حبشہ میں ہی سلطنت کرتے ہوئے فوت ہوئے ان کے انتقال والے دن ہی نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے صحابہ رضی اللہ عنہم کو ان کے انتقال کی خبر دی اور ان کی نماز جنازہ غائبانہ ادا کی ۔ [صحیح بخاری:1318] ‏صفحہ نمبر2407بعض تو کہتے ہیں اس وفد میں سات تو علماء تھے اور پانچ زاہد تھے یا پانچ علماء اور سات زاہد تھے۔ بعض کہتے ہیں یہ کل پچاس آدمی تھے اور کہا گیا ہے کہ ساٹھ سے کچھ اوپر تھے ایک قول یہ بھی ہے کہ یہ ستر تھے۔ «وَاللهُ اَعْلَمُ» ۔ عطاء رحمہ اللہ فرماتے ہیں ”جن کے اوصاف آیت میں بیان کئے گئے ہیں یہ اہل حبشہ ہیں۔ مسلمان مہاجرین حبشہ جب ان کے پاس پہنچے تو یہ سب مسلمان ہو گئے تھے۔‏“ قتادہ رحمة الله فرماتے ہیں ”پہلے یہ دین عیسوی پر قائم تھے لیکن جب انہوں نے مسلمانوں کو دیکھا اور قرآن کریم کو سنا تو فوراً سب مسلمان ہو گئے۔‏“ امام ابن جریر رحمة الله کا فیصلہ ان سب اقوال کو ٹھیک کر دیتا ہے اور فرماتے ہیں کہ ”یہ آیتیں ان لوگوں کے بارے میں ہیں جن میں یہ اوصاف ہوں خواہ وہ حبشہ کے ہوں یا کہیں کے۔‏“ یہودیوں کو مسلمانوں سے جو سخت دشمنی ہے اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ ان میں سرکشی اور انکار کا مادہ زیادہ ہے اور جان بوجھ کر کفر کرتے ہیں اور ضد سے ناحق پر اڑتے ہیں، حق کے مقابلہ میں بگڑ بیٹھتے ہیں حق والوں پر حقارت کی نظریں ڈالتے ہیں ان سے بغض و بیر رکھتے ہیں۔صفحہ نمبر2408علم سے کورے ہیں علماء کی تعداد ان میں بہت ہی کم ہے اور علم اور ذی علم لوگوں کی کوئی وقعت ان کے دل میں نہیں یہی تھے جنہوں نے بہت سے انبیاء علیہم السلام کو قتل کیا خود پیغمبر الزمان احمد مجتبیٰ محمد مصطفی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے قتل کا ارادہ بھی کیا اور ایک دفعہ نہیں بلکہ باربار۔ آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کو زہر دیا، آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم پر جادو کیا اور اپنے جیسے بدباطن لوگوں کو اپنے ساتھ ملا کر نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم پر حملے کئے لیکن اللہ نے ہر مرتبہ انہیں نامراد اور ناکام کیا۔ ابن مردویہ میں ہے کہ رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم فرماتے ہیں جب کبھی کوئی یہودی کسی مسلمانوں کو تنہائی میں پاتا ہے اس کے دل میں اس کے قتل کا قصد پیدا ہوتا ہے ۔ [سلسلة احادیث ضعیفہ البانی:4439:ضعیف] ‏ ایک دوسری سند سے بھی یہ حدیث مروی ہے لیکن ہے بہت ہی غریب ہاں مسلمانوں سے دوستی میں زیادہ قریب وہ لوگ ہیں جو اپنے تئیں نصاریٰ کہتے ہیں مسیح کے تابعدار ہیں انجیل کے اصلی اور صحیح طریقے پر قائم ہیں ان میں ایک حد تک فی الجملہ مسلمانوں اور اسلام کی محبت ہے یہ اس لیے کہ ان میں نرم دلی ہے جیسے ارشاد باری آیت «وَجَعَلْنَا فِيْ قُلُوْبِ الَّذِيْنَ اتَّبَعُوْهُ رَاْفَةً وَّرَحْمَةً» [57-الحدید:27] ‏، یعنی ” عیسیٰ علیہ السلام کے تابعداروں کے دلوں میں ہم نے نرمی اور رحم ڈال دیا ہے۔ ان کی کتاب میں حکم ہے کہ جو تیرے داہنے رخسار پر تھپڑ مارے تو اس کے سامنے بایاں رخسار بھی پیش کر دے “۔صفحہ نمبر2409ان کی شریعت میں لڑائی ہے ہی نہیں۔ یہاں ان کی اس دوستی کی وجہ یہ بیان فرمائی کہ ان میں خطیب اور واعظ ہیں۔ «قِسِسِیْنٌ» اور «قِسٌ» کی جمع «‏قِسِّیْسِیْنَ» ہے «‏قُسُوْسٌ» بھی اس کی جمع آتی ہے «رُهْبَانٌ» جمع ہے راہب کی، راہب کہتے ہیں عابد کو۔ یہ لفظ مشتق ہے رہب سے اور رہبت کے معنی ہیں خوف اور ڈر کے۔ جیسے «رَاکِبٌ» کی جمع «رُکْبَانٌ» ہے اور «فُرْسَانٌ» ہے امام ابن جریر فرماتے ہیں کبھی «رُهْبَانٌ» واحد کیلئے بھی آتا ہے اور اس کی جمع «رَھَابِیْنَ» آتی ہے جیسے «قُرْبَانٌ» اور «قَرَابِیْنَ» اور «جوازن» اور «جوازین» اور کبھی اس کی جمع «رَهَابِنَه» بھی آتی ہے۔ عرب کے اشعار میں بھی لفظ «رُهْبَانٌ» واحد کیلئے آیا۔ سیدنا سلمان رضی اللہ عنہ سے ایک شخص «قِسِّيسِينَ وَرُهْبَانًا» ‏ پڑھ کر اس کے معنی دریافت کرتا ہے تو آپ رضی اللہ عنہ فرماتے ہیں «‏قِسِسِیْنٌ» ‏کو خانقاہوں اور غیر آباد جگہوں میں چھوڑ مجھے تو رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے «صدیقین وَرُهْبَانًا» ‏ پڑھایا ہے۔ [طبرانی کبیر:6175:ضعیف جدا] ‏ الغرض ان کے تین اوصاف یہاں بیان ہوئے ہیں ان میں عالموں کا ہونا، ان میں عابدوں کا ہونا، ان میں تواضع فروتنی اور عاجزی کا ہونا۔صفحہ نمبر2410

Classical Tafsir: Bayan-ul-Quran ur

آیت 82 لَتَجِدَنَّ اَشَدَّ النَّاسِ عَدَاوَۃً لِّلَّذِیْنَ اٰمَنُوا الْیَہُوْدَ وَالَّذِیْنَ اَشْرَکُوْا ج یہ بہت اہم آیت ہے۔ مکہ کے مشرکین بھی مسلمانوں کے دشمن تھے ‘ لیکن ان کی دشمنی کم از کم کھلی دشمنی تھی ‘ ان کا دشمن ہونا بالکل ظاہر و باہر تھا ‘ وہ سامنے سے حملہ کرتے تھے۔ لیکن مسلمانوں سے بد ترین دشمنی یہود کی تھی ‘ وہ آستین کے سانپ تھے اور سازشی انداز میں مسلمانوں کو نقصان پہنچانے میں مشرکین مکہ سے کہیں آگے تھے۔ آج بھی یہود اور ہنود مسلمانوں کی دشمنی میں سب سے آگے ہیں ‘ کیونکہ اس قسم بت پرستی کا شرک تو اب صرف ہندوستان میں رہ گیا ہے ‘ اور کہیں نہیں رہا۔ ہندوستان کے بھی اب یہ صرف نچلے طبقے میں ہے جبکہ عام طور پر اوپر کے طبقے میں نہیں ہے۔ لیکن بہرحال اب بھی مسلمانوں کے خلاف یہود اور ہنود کا گٹھ جوڑ ہے۔وَلَتَجِدَنَّ اَقْرَبَہُمْ مَّوَدَّۃً لِّلَّذِیْنَ اٰمَنُوا الَّذِیْنَ قَالُوْٓا اِنَّا نَصٰرٰی ط یہ تاریخی حقیقت ہے اور سیرت محمد ﷺ سے ثابت ہے کہ جس طرح کی شدید دشمنی اس وقت یہود نے آپ ﷺ سے کی ویسی نصاریٰ نے نہیں کی۔ حضرت نجاشی رح شاہ حبشہ نے اس وقت کے مسلمان مہاجروں کو پناہ دی ‘ مقوقس شاہ مصر نے بھی حضور ﷺ کی خدمت میں ہدیے بھیجے۔ ہرقل نے بھی حضور ﷺ کے نامۂ مبارک کا احترام کیا۔ وہ چاہتا بھی تھا کہ اگر میری پوری قوم مان لے تو ہم اسلام قبول کرلیں۔ نجران کے عیسائیوں کا ایک وفد آپ ﷺ کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوا ‘ جس کا ذکر سورة آل عمران آیت 61 میں ہم پڑھ چکے ہیں۔ وہ لوگ اگرچہ مسلمان تو نہیں ہوئے مگر ان کارویّہ انتہائی محتاط رہا۔ بہر حال یہ حقیقت ہے کہ حضور ﷺ کے زمانے میں مسلمانوں کے خلاف عیسائیوں کی مخالفت میں وہ شدت نہ تھی جو یہودیوں کی مخالفت میں تھی۔ذٰلِکَ بِاَنَّ مِنْہُمْ قِسِّیْسِیْنَ وَرُہْبَانًا وَّاَنَّہُمْ لاَ یَسْتَکْبِرُوْنَ یعنی عیسائیوں میں اس وقت تک علمائے حق بھی موجود تھے اور درویش راہب بھی جو واقعی اللہ والے تھے۔ بحیرہ راہب عیسائی تھا جس نے حضور ﷺ کو بچپن میں پہچانا تھا۔ اسی طرح ورقہ بن نوفل نے حضور ﷺ کی سب سے پہلے تصدیق کی تھی اور بتایا تھا کہ اے محمد ﷺ آپ پر وہی ناموس نازل ہوا ہے جو اس سے پہلے حضرت موسیٰ اور حضرت عیسیٰ علیہ السلام پر نازل ہوا تھا۔ ورقہ بن نوفل تھے تو عرب کے رہنے والے ‘ لیکن وہ حق کی تلاش میں شام گئے اور عیسائیت اختیار کی۔ وہ عبرانی زبان میں تورات لکھا کرتے تھے۔ یہ اس دور کے چند عیسائی علماء اور راہبوں کی مثالیں ہیں۔ لیکن وہ قِسِّیسِین اور رُہْبان اب آپ کو عیسائیوں میں نہیں ملیں گے ‘ وہ دور ختم ہوچکا ہے۔ یہ اس وقت کی بات ہے جب قرآن نازل ہو رہا تھا۔ اس کے بعد جو صورت حال بدلی ہے اور صلیبی جنگوں کے اندر عیسائیت نے جو وحشت و بربر یت دکھائی ہے ‘ اور عیسائی علماء اور مذہبی پیشواؤں نے جس طرح مسلمانوں کے خون سے ہولی کھیلی ہے اور اپنی قوم سے اس سلسلے میں جو کارنامے انجام دلوائے ہیں وہ تاریخ کے چہرے پر بہت ہی بد نما داغ ہے۔

Classical Tafsir: Ma'arif al-Qur'an en

Sequence of VersesMentioned earlier was the friendliness of Jews with disbelievers. Mentioned now is their hostility towards Muslims in tandem with the disbelievers - which was the real cause of that friendship (the enemy of my enemy is my friend! ). And since the Qur'an upholds justice universally, it has not counted everyone even among Jews and Christians as being in the same lot. Whoever among them had some good quality, that was acknowledged openly - for example, the presence of a particular group among the Christians which did not have the kind of prejudice the Jews were known for, and the statement about the Christians who had responded heartily to the call of truth and for which they were considered worthy of the best of praise and reward. This particular group was that of the Christians of Ethiopia who did nothing which could cause problems for Muslims who had migrated to Ethiopia from their home in Makkah, before the Hijrah to Madinah. Any Christian, other than them, who is like them, shall also be legally counted as one of them. As for those who had accepted the truth, they are the King of Ethiopia, Najashi (Negus) and his courtiers who wept on hearing the Qur'an in their own country and embraced Islam. After that, a deputation of thirty men from there came to the Holy Prophet ﷺ who recited the Qur'an to them which they heard in tears and took their Shahadah as Muslims. This is the Cause or Back-ground of the revelation of this verse.CommentarySome Votaries of the Truth among the People of the BookMentioned in these verses are those among the people of the Book who, had no feelings of malice or enmity for Muslims because of their godliness and tilt towards truth. But, people of such quality - like Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn Salam - were very rare, rather almost nonexistent among the Jews. Speaking comparatively, there were more such people among the Christians. Specially so, during the blessed period of the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، there was a large number of such people in Ethiopia which included King Najashi and his civil servants. For this reason, when the Muslims of Makkah al-Mukarramah were fed up with being continually oppressed by the Quraysh, the Holy Prophet ﷺ advised them to migrate to Ethiopia saying that he had heard that the King of Ethiopia himself was no oppressor of people, nor did he allow anyone to oppress others, therefore, Muslims should go there for some time.Following this advice, the first group of eleven persons started their journey towards Ethiopia. Included in the group were Sayyidna ` Uthman ibn ` Affan and Sayyidah Ruqaiyyah, his respected wife and the daughter of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . After that, a large caravan of Muslims comprising of eighty two men in addition to women, led by Sayyidna Ja'far ibn Abi Talib ؓ reached Ethiopia. Received there nicely and gently by the King and his people, they started living there in peace.But, the wrath of the Quraysh of Makkah knew no bounds. They could not bear by the idea that Muslims persecuted by them could live in peace in some other country. This they did not wish to allow. They sent a deputation of their men, with gifts as customary, to the King of Ethiopia with the request that he should expel Muslims from his country. But, the King of Ethiopia decided to first investigate into the matter. He talked to Sayyidna Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and his companions about Islam and its Prophet. When he heard about the life of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the teachings of Islam, he found these true to the prophecy of Sayyidna ` Isa (علیہ السلام) and Injil which contained the glad tidings of the coming of the Last of the Prophets, Sayyidna Muhammad al-Mustafa ﷺ a brief outline of his teachings, and his physical features as well as those of his Companions (for ready identification). Impressed with and convinced by what he found out, he returned the gifts brought by the Quraysh deputation telling them plainly that he could never order such people to leave his country.The Effect of Sayyidna Ja` far's Presentation on NajashiSayyidna Ja'far ؓ had succeeded in presenting a brief but very comprehensive portrayal of Islam and its teachings in the court of Najashi, the King of Ethiopia. Then, there was their very stay (as Muslim role models) in Ethiopia which had generated not only in his heart but in the hearts of his officials and common people genuine feelings for Islam and its Prophet. Consequently, when the Holy Prophet ﷺ migrated to Madinah al-Tayyibah and the news that they were comfortable and at peace there reached Ethiopia the immigrating guests of the country decided to go to Madinah. Then, Najashi, the King of Ethiopia sent with them a deputation of leading scholars and missionaries from among his co-religionists to present his compliments before the Holy Prophet ﷺ . This group was comprised of seventy persons, out of which, there were sixty from Ethiopia itself, and eight from Syria.The Visit of Ethiopian DelegationAttired in the coarse robes of monks, this deputation presented itself before the Holy Prophet ﷺ . He recited Surah Yasin before them. As they heard it, tears kept flowing from their eyes. They all said how similar that was to what was revealed to Sayyidna 'Isa (علیہ السلام) . All of them embraced Islam.After their return to Ethiopia, King Najashi also embraced Islam. He sent his son as the leader of another deputation to the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، with a letter from him. Unfortunately, the boat carrying them was drowned in the sea. In short, the King of Ethiopia, its officials and citizens did not only treat Islam and Muslims gently, fairly and justly, but they themselves embraced Islam finally.According to the majority of commentators, the verses cited above were revealed about these blessed souls:وَلَتَجِدَنَّ أَقْرَ‌بَهُم مَّوَدَّةً لِّلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّا نَصَارَ‌ىٰAnd you will certainly find that the closest of them in friend-ship with the believers are those who say, "We are Christians."And about the verses which follow, and in which their weeping in fear of Allah and their acceptance of the truth has been described, the majority of commentators also agree that - though these verses have been revealed about Najashi and the deputation sent by him - yet, its words are general. Therefore, its legal force covers and includes all such Christians who are devoted to truth and justice similar to the people of Ethiopia. That is, they were followers of the Injil before Is-lam, and after the coming of Islam, they became followers of Islam.Though, there were some people of this class even among Jews who adhered to the Torah since the period of Sayyidna Musa (علیہ السلام) ، but when came Islam, they entered the fold of Islam. However, the number of such people was so small that it cannot be considered significant in the context of communities and nations. As for the rest of the Jews, they were the foremost in their hostility towards Muslims. Therefore, their attitude was identified at the very beginning of the verse by saying:لَتَجِدَنَّ أَشَدَّ النَّاسِ عَدَاوَةً لِّلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا الْيَهُودَYou will certainly find that the most hostile people against the believers are the Jews ...Limits of InterpretationTo recapitulate, it can be said that a particular group of the Christians has been praised in this verse, a group which was God-fearing and upright in matters of truth. It includes King Najashi, his officials and citizens - as well as other Christians who had these qualities, or would have in times to come. But, it does not mean - neither based on what the text says, nor could it possibly be - that the Christians have to be taken as friends of Muslims, no matter how astray they go and how aggressive in their anti Islam hostility they become, and yet Muslims will have to extend their hand of friendship towards them. This interpretation, as obvious, is false and is absolutely against facts. Therefore, Imam Abu Bakr Al-Jassas (رح) has said in his Ahkam al-Qur'an: that the thinking of some people who take the praise of Christians in this verse in an absolute sense and consider them better than the Jews, again in an absolute sense, is open ignorance - because a comparison of the religious beliefs of the two groups will show that the Christians are more pronounced in being Mushriks (as ascribers of partners in the divinity of Allah); and as for their dealings with Muslims are concerned, common modern-day Christians have not been any less than Jews in their anti-Islam activities. However, it is correct that there have been a good many God-fearing and truth-loving. people among them. That is why they had the Taufiq to accept Islam and be-come Muslims. It must be kept in mind that these verses were revealed to show this particular difference between the two groups. The Qur'an has itself pointed out to this fact at the end of this very verse (82) in the following words: ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّ مِنْهُمْ قِسِّيسِينَ وَرُ‌هْبَانًا وَأَنَّهُمْ لَا يَسْتَكْبِرُ‌ونَ "That is because among them there are priests and monks and because they are not arrogant (which could make them unwilling to listen and think)." Comparison makes it clear that this was not the condition of Jews. They were not God-fearing and truth-loving. Their scholars and rabbis were far removed from renouncing the material pleasures of mortal life for the sake of knowledge and religion, instead of which, they had harnessed their knowledge and learning as a source of accumulating material benefits. This lust for the mundane had gripped them to the extent that they did not care to make a distinction between the true and the false or the lawful and the unlawful.Those who side with Truth are the movingspirit of a communityThe statement given in the verse also tells us something crucial about the life of a community or nation (of true believers) - , that its `.Ulama' and Mashaikh are its real movers and makers, the very spirit of the system. Until such time that there are present in the society (genuine) ` Ulama' and Mashaikh, who would not follow their worldly desires (in matters of Din and public good of Believers) motivated by nothing but the fear of Allah and answerability before Him, then, the community or nation in which they are shall never be deprived of real good and real blessing.

Historical Context: Aksumite Kingdom of Abyssinia — The Just Christian Ruler Negus 6th–7th century CE

The Aksumite Empire of Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) was one of the most powerful states in the ancient world (1st–7th century CE). When the early Muslims fled Makkah's persecution, the Prophet (ﷺ) directed them to King Ashama ibn Abjar (the Negus), saying: 'There is a king who wrongs no one.' The Negus protected the Muslims, refused the Quraysh demands for extradition, and eventually accepted Islam privately. This historical event demonstrated that just governance and protection of the oppressed transcend religious boundaries.

🏛️ Civilization: Aksumite Empire
📍 Region: Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia)
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