Surah Al-Ahzab • Ayah 62
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The Command of HijabHere Allah tells His Messenger to command the believing women -- especially his wives and daughters, because of their position of honor -- to draw their Jilbabs over their bodies, so that they will be distinct in their appearance from the women of the Jahiliyyah and from slave women. The Jilbab is a Rida', worn over the Khimar. This was the view of Ibn Mas`ud, `Ubaydah, Qatadah, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Ibrahim An-Nakha`i, `Ata' Al-Khurasani and others. It is like the Izar used today. Al-Jawhari said: "The Jilbab is the outer wrapper. `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said that Allah commanded the believing women, when they went out of their houses for some need, to cover their faces from above their heads with the Jilbab, leaving only one eye showing. Muhammad bin Sirin said, "I asked `Ubaydah As-Salmani about the Ayah:يُدْنِينَ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِن جَلَـبِيبِهِنَّ(to draw their Jalabib over their bodies.) He covered his face and head, with just his left eye showing."ذلِكَ أَدْنَى أَن يُعْرَفْنَ فَلاَ يُؤْذَيْنَ(That will be better that they should be known so as not to be annoyed. ) means, if they do that, it will be known that they are free, and that they are not servants or whores.وَكَانَ اللَّهُ غَفُوراً رَّحِيماً(And Allah is Ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.) means, with regard to what happened previously during the days of Jahiliyyah, when they did not have any knowledge about this.A Stern Warning to the Evil HypocritesThen Allah issues a warning to the hypocrites, those who make an outward display of faith while concealing their disbelief,وَالَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَضٌ(those in whose hearts is a disease,) `Ikrimah and others said that this refers to adulterers in this instance.وَالْمُرْجِفُونَ فِى الْمَدِينَةِ(and those who spread false news among the people in Al-Madinah) means, those who say that the enemy has come and war has started, which is a lie and a fabrication. Unless they give up these actions and return to the truth,لَنُغْرِيَنَّكَ بِهِمْ(We shall certainly let you overpower them,) `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "We will give you power over them." Qatadah said: "We will incite you against them." As-Suddi said: "We will inform you about them."ثُمَّ لاَ يُجَاوِرُونَكَ فِيهَآ(then they will not be able to stay in it) means, in Al-Madinah,إِلاَّ قَلِيلاًمَّلْعُونِينَ(but a little while. Accursed...) `this describes their state while they are in Al-Madinah for this short time before they are expelled and sent far away.'أَيْنَمَا ثُقِفُواْ أُخِذُواْ(they shall be seized wherever found,) means, `they will be attacked, because they are so weak and so few,'وَقُتِّلُواْ تَقْتِيلاً(and killed with a (terrible) slaughter.) Then Allah says:سُنَّةَ اللَّهِ فِى الَّذِينَ خَلَوْاْ مِن قَبْلُ(That was the way of Allah in the case of those who passed away of old,) meaning, this is how Allah dealt with the hypocrites when they persisted in hypocrisy and disbelief and did not give it up; He incited the believers against them and caused them to prevail over them.وَلَن تَجِدَ لِسُنَّةِ اللَّهِ تَبْدِيلاً(and you will not find any change in the way of Allah.) means, the way in which Allah deals with this does not alter or change.يَسْـَلُكَ النَّاسُ عَنِ السَّاعَةِ قُلْ إِنَّمَا عِلْمُهَا عِندَ اللَّهِ وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ لَعَلَّ السَّاعَةَ تَكُونُ قَرِيباً - إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَعَنَ الْكَـفِرِينَ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُمْ سَعِيراً - خَـلِدِينَ فِيهَآ أَبَداً لاَّ يَجِدُونَ وَلِيّاً وَلاَ نَصِيراً - يَوْمَ تُقَلَّبُ وُجُوهُهُمْ فِى النَّارِ يَقُولُونَ يلَيْتَنَآ أَطَعْنَا اللَّهَ وَأَطَعْنَا الرَّسُولاَ - وَقَالُواْ رَبَّنَآ إِنَّآ أَطَعْنَا سَادَتَنَا وَكُبَرَآءَنَا فَأَضَلُّونَا السَّبِيلاْ - رَبَّنَآ ءَاتِهِمْ ضِعْفَيْنِ مِنَ الْعَذَابِ وَالْعَنْهُمْ لَعْناً كَبِيراً
تمام دنیا کی عورتوں سے بہتر و افضل کون؟ ٭٭اللہ تعالیٰ اپنے نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم تسلیما کو فرماتا ہے کہ ” آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم مومن عورتوں سے فرما دیں بالخصوص اپنی بیویوں اور صاحبزادیوں سے کیونکہ وہ تمام دنیا کی عورتوں سے بہتر و افضل ہیں کہ وہ اپنی چادریں قدریں لٹکا لیا کریں تاکہ جاہلیت کی عورتوں سے ممتاز ہو جائیں اسی طرح لونڈیوں سے بھی آزاد عورتوں کی پہچان ہو جائے “۔ «جلباب» اس چادر کو کہتے ہیں جو عورتیں اپنی دوپٹیاکے اوپر ڈالتی ہیں۔صفحہ نمبر7116سیدنا ابن عباس رضی اللہ عنہما فرماتے ہیں ”اللہ تعالیٰ مسلمان عورتوں کو حکم دیتا ہے کہ ” جب وہ اپنے کسی کام کاج کیلئے باہر نکلیں تو جو چادر وہ اوڑھتی ہیں اسے سر پر سے جھکا کر منہ ڈھک لیا کریں، صرف ایک آنکھ کھلی رکھیں “۔“ امام محمد بن سیرین رحمتہ اللہ علیہ کے سوال پر عبیدہ سلمانی رحمتہ اللہ علیہ نے اپنا چہرہ اور سر ڈھانک کر اور بائیں آنکھ کھلی رکھ کر بتا دیا کہ ”یہ مطلب اس آیت کا ہے۔“ عکرمہ رحمتہ اللہ علیہ کا قول ہے کہ ”اپنی چادر سے اپنا گلا تک ڈھانپ لے۔“ سیدہ ام سلمہ رضی اللہ عنہا فرماتی ہیں ”اس آیت کے اترنے کے بعد انصار کی عورتیں جب نکلتی تھیں تو اس طرح لکی چھپی چلتی تھیں گویا ان کے سروں پر پرند ہیں سیاہ چادریں اپنے اوپر ڈال لیا کرتی تھیں۔“ زہری رحمہ اللہ سے سوال ہوا کہ کیا لونڈیاں بھی چادر اوڑھیں؟ خواہ خاوندوں والیاں ہوں یا بے خاوند کی ہوں؟ فرمایا ”دوپٹیا تو ضرور اوڑھیں اگر وہ خاوندوں والیاں ہوں اور چادر نہ اوڑھیں تاکہ ان میں اور آزاد عورتوں میں فرق رہے۔“صفحہ نمبر7117حضرت سفیان ثوری رحمہ اللہ سے منقول ہے کہ ”ذمی کافروں کی عورتوں کی زینت کا دیکھنا صرف خوف زنا کی وجہ سے ممنوع ہے نہ کہ ان کی حرمت و عزت کی وجہ سے کیونکہ آیت میں مومنوں کی عورتوں کا ذکر ہے۔“ چادر کا لٹکانا چونکہ علامت ہےآزاد پاک دامن عورتوں کی اس لیے یہ چادر کے لٹکانے سے پہچان لی جائیں گی کہ یہ نہ واہی عورتیں ہیں نہ لونڈیاں ہیں۔ سدی رحمہ اللہ کا قول ہے کہ ”فاسق لوگ اندھیری راتوں میں راستے سے گزرنے والی عورتوں پر آوازے کستے تھے اس لیے یہ نشان ہو گیا کہ گھر گرہست عورتوں اور لونڈیوں باندیوں وغیرہ میں تمیز ہو جائے اور ان پاک دامن عورتوں پر کوئی لب نہ ہل اس کے۔“ پھر فرمایا کہ ”جاہلیت کے زمانے میں جو بے پردگی کی رسم تھی جب تم اللہ کے اس حکم کے عامل بن جاؤ گے تو اللہ تعالیٰ تمام اگلی خطاؤں سے درگزر فرمالے گا اور تم پر مہر و کرم کرے گا۔“صفحہ نمبر7118پھر فرماتا ہے کہ ” اگر منافق لوگ اور بدکار اور جھوٹی افواہیں دشمنوں کی چڑھائی وغیرہ کی اڑانے والے اب بھی باز نہ آئے اور حق کے طرفدار نہ ہوئے تو، ہم اے نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم تجھے ان پر غالب اور مسلط کر دیں گے۔ پھر تو وہ مدینے میں ٹھہر ہی نہیں سکیں گے۔ بہت جلد تباہ کر دیے جائیں گے اور جو کچھ دن ان کے مدینے کی اقامت سے گزریں گے وہ بھی لعنت و پھٹکار میں ذلت اور مار میں گزریں گے۔ ہر طرف سے دھتکارے جائیں گے، راندہ درگاہ ہو جائیں گے، جہاں جائیں گے گرفتار کئے جائیں گے اور بری طرح قتل کئے جائیں گے۔ ایسے کفار و منافقین پر جبکہ وہ اپنی سرکشی سے باز نہ آئیں مسلمانوں کو غلبہ دینا ہماری قدیمی سنت ہے جس میں نہ کبھی تغیر و تبدل ہوا نہ اب ہو “۔صفحہ نمبر7119
آیت 62 { سُنَّۃَ اللّٰہِ فِی الَّذِیْنَ خَلَوْا مِنْ قَبْلُ } ”اللہ کی یہی ُ سنت ّرہی ہے ان لوگوں کے بارے میں بھی جو پہلے گزر چکے ہیں۔“ { وَلَنْ تَجِدَ لِسُنَّۃِ اللّٰہِ تَبْدِیْلًا } ”اور تم ہرگز نہیں پائو گے اللہ کے طریقے میں کوئی تبدیلی۔“
A person who turns an apostate (murtadd) after having embraced Islam is killed in punishmentTwo mischiefs made by the hypocrites have been mentioned in the cited verse and it has been said that should they fail to abstain from indulging in these any further, the punishment they shall face will be: مَّلْعُونِينَ ۖ أَيْنَمَا ثُقِفُوا أُخِذُوا وَقُتِّلُوا تَقْتِيلًا (Wherever they are found, they shall be seized, and shall be killed thoroughly - 61). This punishment is not meant for disbelievers at large. Numerous textual authorities from the Qur'an and Sunnah bear it out that this is not the law of the Shari’ ah of Islam for disbelievers. In fact, the law is that they should first be invited to embrace Islam along with sincere efforts to remove any doubts they may have. If, even then, they elect not to enter the fold of Islam, they should be asked to live as Dhimmi subjects of the Muslim state. If they accept that, the protection of their life, property and honor becomes obligatory on Muslims very much like that of Muslims themselves. Yes, if there are those who do not accept this too, and choose the option of fighting, then, the command is to fight back against them.The reason why this punishment to seize and kill them has been awarded in an absolute sense in the present verse is because this matter related to the hypocrites who used to call themselves Muslims - and when a Muslim starts demonstrating open hostility to and denial of Islam, such a person is called: Murtadd: apostate) in the terminology of the Shari` ah. With such a man, there is no compromise in the Shari’ ah of Islam - except that he repents and reverts to Islam and accepts the injunctions of Islam in word and deed. Otherwise, this person will be killed as it stands proved from clear statements of the Holy Prophet A and the collective practice of the noble Sahabah. The Jihad waged against the Liar Musaylimah and his cohorts with the collective approval of the Sahabah and the consequent killing of Musaylimah is sufficient as its proof. Then, in the last verse as well (62), this has been cited as the customary law and practice of Allah Ta’ ala which tells us that the punishment of an apostate (murtadd) in the religious laws of past prophets was no other but killing.Some Rulings:This verse proves that:(1) When women have to go out of the house to take care of some need, they should go with their whole body covered with a long sheet and walk face-hidden with this sheet brought from over the head to hang on, or in front of, the face. The common 'burqa' also serves the same purpose.(2) Spreading rumors among Muslims that subject them to anxiety or worry or cause harm is haram (forbidden, unlawful).
Will and Ariel Durant's The Lessons of History (1968) distills that civilizations fall not primarily from external attack but from internal moral and institutional decay — the same thesis as Ibn Khaldun's asabiyyah theory. Prosperity breeds luxury; luxury breeds softness; softness breeds vulnerability to harder peoples. The Durants observe that great civilizations characteristically maintain their vitality through cultural confidence, strong family structures, and a shared moral framework — when these erode, conquest from outside merely delivers the coup de grâce to what was already dying from within. The Quran expresses this as a divine pattern (sunnat Allah) that does not change (33:62; 48:23).
Will and Ariel Durant's The Lessons of History (1968) distills that civilizations fall not primarily from external attack but from internal moral and institutional decay — the same thesis as Ibn Khaldun's asabiyyah theory. Prosperity breeds luxury; luxury breeds softness; softness breeds vulnerability to harder peoples. The Durants observe that great civilizations characteristically maintain their vitality through cultural confidence, strong family structures, and a shared moral framework — when these erode, conquest from outside merely delivers the coup de grâce to what was already dying from within. The Quran expresses this as a divine pattern (sunnat Allah) that does not change (33:62; 48:23).
The Quran is unique among world scriptures in its systematic use of historical narrative as theological argument. The Arabic term sunnat Allah (pattern/way of Allah, used in Quran 33:62; 35:43; 48:23) expresses the idea that divine laws governing the rise and fall of civilizations are as reliable and discoverable as physical laws. The Quran commands its readers explicitly: 'Travel through the land and observe how was the end of those before you' (3:137; 6:11; 12:109). This framework makes historical inquiry not merely intellectually useful but an act of Quranic obedience — placing Ibn Khaldun's sociological methodology squarely within an Islamic epistemological frame.
The Quran is unique among world scriptures in its systematic use of historical narrative as theological argument. The Arabic term sunnat Allah (pattern/way of Allah, used in Quran 33:62; 35:43; 48:23) expresses the idea that divine laws governing the rise and fall of civilizations are as reliable and discoverable as physical laws. The Quran commands its readers explicitly: 'Travel through the land and observe how was the end of those before you' (3:137; 6:11; 12:109). This framework makes historical inquiry not merely intellectually useful but an act of Quranic obedience — placing Ibn Khaldun's sociological methodology squarely within an Islamic epistemological frame.
Will and Ariel Durant's The Lessons of History (1968) distills that civilizations fall not primarily from external attack but from internal moral and institutional decay — the same thesis as Ibn Khaldun's asabiyyah theory. Prosperity breeds luxury; luxury breeds softness; softness breeds vulnerability to harder peoples. The Durants observe that great civilizations characteristically maintain their vitality through cultural confidence, strong family structures, and a shared moral framework — when these erode, conquest from outside merely delivers the coup de grâce to what was already dying from within. The Quran expresses this as a divine pattern (sunnat Allah) that does not change (33:62; 48:23).
The Quran is unique among world scriptures in its systematic use of historical narrative as theological argument. The Arabic term sunnat Allah (pattern/way of Allah, used in Quran 33:62; 35:43; 48:23) expresses the idea that divine laws governing the rise and fall of civilizations are as reliable and discoverable as physical laws. The Quran commands its readers explicitly: 'Travel through the land and observe how was the end of those before you' (3:137; 6:11; 12:109). This framework makes historical inquiry not merely intellectually useful but an act of Quranic obedience — placing Ibn Khaldun's sociological methodology squarely within an Islamic epistemological frame.
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